✏️ 문법since = ~이므로 (이유 접속사). in a way that ~ did not = ~가 하지 못한 방식으로 (관계부사 that). allowed = 가능하게 했다 (allow + O).
02
This is evident in the contrast between the travel logs of Marco Polo and those of Christopher Columbus.
🔊
이것은 폴로의 여행 기록과 콜럼버스의 기록 사이의 대조에서 분명하다.
📌evident분명한contrast대조log기록
✏️ 문법those of ~ = ~의 것들 (those = the travel logs 대용). between A and B = A와 B 사이의.
03
After his return from China in 1295, a century and a half before printing, Polo's narrative was copied in about 150 different manuscripts, with so many differences that we're not sure which version is authentic.
🔊
1295년 중국에서 돌아온 후, 폴로의 서사는 약 150개의 필사본으로 복사되었는데, 너무 많은 차이가 있어서 어떤 판본이 진본인지 확신 못 한다.
📌narrative서사version판본authentic진본의
✏️ 문법was copied = 수동태. with so many differences that ~ = so~that 결과 구문 (너무 많아서 ~). which version is authentic = 간접의문문 (의문사+S+V 어순).
【핵심】 인쇄 전(필사본) vs 인쇄 후 대비! 폴로(인쇄 전): 150개 필사본 → 차이 많아 진본 불확실. 콜럼버스(인쇄 후): 단 1개 판본 → 인쇄로 고정·배포. ★ 인쇄 = 정보의 표준화·정확한 재생산 → 구술-필사본 문화의 개선!
04
In contrast, there is only one version of Christopher Columbus's letters about the exploration of the Caribbean in the 1490s, since they were fixed in printed form and widely distributed at the time they were written.
🔊
반면에, 콜럼버스의 카리브해 탐험 편지는 단 하나의 판본만 있는데, 쓰여진 당시 인쇄 형태로 고정되고 널리 배포되었기 때문이다.
📌exploration탐험distributed배포된
✏️ 문법In contrast = 반면에 (대조). were fixed ~ and widely distributed = 수동태 병렬. at the time (that) they were written = 쓰여진 당시에 (관계부사 생략).
05
So the certainty of accuracy was a way that printing was an improvement over the old oral-manuscript culture.
🔊
따라서 정확성의 확실성은 인쇄가 오래된 구술-필사본 문화보다 개선이었던 방식이었다.
📌accuracy정확성improvement개선oral-manuscript구술-필사본의
✏️ 문법a way that ~ = ~인 방식 (관계부사 that = in which). an improvement over = ~보다 개선 (over = ~보다).
📖 줄거리 & 핵심 정리
CORE MESSAGE
인쇄 = 정보의 표준화·정확한 재생산 → 필사본 문화의 개선!
= Printing standardized information through exact reproduction.
The contrast between the travel logs of Polo and those of Columbus.
폴로의 여행 기록과 콜럼버스의 것 사이의 대조.
Tier 3
those of ~ = ~의 것들 (대용어)
those of Columbus = 콜럼버스의 것들. those = the travel logs (반복 회피). 단수: that of ~ / 복수: those of ~
문장 03 · so ~ that ~ (결과) / 간접의문문
With so many differences that we're not sure which version is authentic.
너무 많은 차이가 있어서 어떤 판본이 진본인지 확신 못 함.
Tier 1
so ~ that ~ = 너무 ~해서 ~하다
so many differences that ~ = 너무 많은 차이가 있어서 ~하다. so + 형용사/부사 + that + 결과.
Tier 1
which version is = 간접의문문 (의문사+S+V)
which version is authentic = 어떤 판본이 진본인지. 간접의문문 = 의문사 + S + V 어순. ✗ which is version authentic → ✓ which version is authentic
문장 04 · 수동태 병렬 / at the time (that) ~ (관계부사 생략)
They were fixed and widely distributedat the time they were written.
고정되고 널리 배포되었다, 쓰여진 당시에.
Tier 2
were fixed and distributed = 수동태 병렬
were fixed ~ and (were) widely distributed = 고정되고 배포되었다. 수동태 병렬 (were 공유).
Tier 2
at the time (that) they were written = 관계부사 생략
at the time they were written = 쓰여진 당시에. at the time (that/when) 생략.
01 · Standardization of information was an effect of printing; since it allowed exact reproduction of information in a way that manuscript copying did not.
02 · This is evident in the contrast between the travel logs of Marco Polo and those of Christopher Columbus.
evident분명한contrast대조log기록
03 · After his return from China in 1295, a century and a half before printing, Polo’s narrative was copied in about 150 different manuscripts, with so many differences that we’re not sure which version is authentic.
narrative서사, 이야기version판본authentic진본의, 진정한
04 · In contrast, there is only one version of Christopher Columbus’s letters about the exploration of the Caribbean in the 1490s, since they were fixed in printed form and widely distributed at the time they were written.
exploration탐험distributed배포된
05 · So the certainty of accuracy was a way that printing was an improvement over the old oral-manuscript culture.